臨床專長: 頭痛、失智症、帕金森氏症及神經免疫疾病。

研究主題:

1. 雷擊頭痛及可逆性腦血管收縮症候群之臨床、影像及分子生物學研究
   RCVS是最嚴重最危險的複雜性神經血管疾病之一，其主要臨床表現為反覆發作如爆炸般的頭痛(雷擊頭痛)合併血管收縮，這些劇烈頭痛讓病患嚴重失能、反覆至急診就診、甚至因此害怕從事這些日常生活活動，影響生活甚鉅，且病患有相當風險產生缺血性中風、腦出血或腦後方白質病變等併發症。針對RCVS，我們從釐清其臨床表現與病程、建立檢查與治療標準流程準則、找出其預測併發症的準則及長期預後、 開發新影像技術協助診治乃至病生理機轉的探討，已發表系列論文於國際知名期刊如JAMA Neurology, Annals of Neurology, Neurology, Cephalalgia等,研究成果質與量居國際領先地位。目前團隊正致力於開發新的影像診斷工具及深入探討其病生理機轉。
2. 偏頭痛病生理機轉之生物標記、動物模式、腦連結體及基因體學研究。
   偏頭痛是造成最多疾病負擔的神經科疾病，造成的失能人年數在世界所有慢性疾病裡排名第二，對社會經濟與醫療體系造成巨大的衝擊，但其病生理機轉尚未釐清，治療選擇亦有限。團隊目前主要成果為建立偏頭痛動物模式探討偏頭痛的病生理機轉,促進瞭解偏頭痛新的病生理機轉及開發新的治療標的成果發表於Brain, Pain, JCBFM等雜誌。亦發表了台灣第一個也是亞洲唯一一個偏頭痛全基因體關聯性研究，找到台灣人偏頭痛特有的基因，提供未來病生理機轉研究重要方向。目前正持續透過臨床或基礎的研究，開發新的頭痛動物模式及深入探討偏頭痛基因體與腦連結體間的交互影響，希望未來可提供疾病新診斷或治療之契機，進而減輕病患及醫療體系負擔。
3. 自體免疫腦炎病生理機轉探討
   自體免疫腦炎是神經科的新興疾病，臨床有各式各樣的表現如癲癇、認知功能改變、精神症狀、甚至意識喪失或死亡等，對患者及其家人造成巨大的影響，目前團隊正著手建立動物模式，進一步探討其病生理機轉，以期未來能找到新的治療標的。

2022 科技部110年度傑出研究獎

2021 台北榮總醫師創新(改良)獎第一名

2021 第17屆永信李天德醫藥科技獎－青年醫藥科技獎

2021 國立陽明交通大學醫學院院級教學傑出獎

2021 國立陽明交通大學臨床醫學研究所優良教師獎

2021 國立陽明交通大學醫學系優良教師獎

2020 國立陽明大學醫學院院級教學傑出獎

2020 國立陽明大學研究所票選特色教學傑出獎

2020 國立陽明大學臨床醫學研究所優良教師獎

2020 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎

2019 科技部吳大猷先生紀念獎

2019 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎

2019 國立陽明大學臨床醫學研究所「優良教師獎」

2019 國立陽明大學院級教學傑出獎

2019 行政院退輔會台北榮民總醫院優良醫師「醫師學術論文獎」

2018 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎

2018 行政院退輔會台北榮民總醫院優良醫師獎

2018 國際疼痛研究學會官方雜誌(Pain)最高引用次數學術論文獎

2018 國立陽明大學醫學系良師益友導師獎

2017 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎 (琉璃獎座)

2016 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎

2016 行政院退輔會台北榮民總醫院優良醫師「臨床教學績優醫師獎」

2015 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎

2013 榮陽卓越醫師人才培育計畫獎助

2011 行政院退輔會台北榮民總醫院優良醫師「醫師學術論文獎」

2009 行政院退輔會台北榮民總醫院優良醫師「臨床教學績優醫師獎」

2009 台灣神經學會頭痛學組最佳壁報論文獎

2008 台灣神經學會頭痛學組最佳壁報論文獎

2006 台灣神經學會頭痛學組最佳壁報論文獎

 (2015-2022, *corresponding author)

1. Wu CH, Wu HM, Ling YH, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Lin CJ, Ling K, Lirng JF, Wang SJ, Chen SP*. Blood brain barrier permeability in patients with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome assessed with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Neurology 2021 Nov 2;97(18):e1847-e1859.
2. Wu CH, Lirng JF, Ling YH, Wang YF, Wu HM, Fuh JL, Lin PC, Wang SJ*, Chen SP*. Noninvasive characterization of human glymphatics and meningeal lymphatics in an in vivo model of blood-brain barrier leakage. Annals of Neurology 2021;89:111–124 (*Equal contribution)
3. Chen SP, Chang YA, Chou CH, Juan CC, Lee HC, Chen LK, Wu PC, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Ducros A, Huang HD*, Wang SJ*. Circulating microRNAs associated with Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome. Annals of Neurology 2021;89:459–473
4. Hsiao FJ, Chen WT, Wang YF, Chen SP, Lai KL, Liu HY, Pan LH, Wang SJ. Somatosensory gating responses are associated with prognosis in patients with migraine. Brain Sciences 2021 Jan 28;11(2):166. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11020166.
5. Lee ZF, Huang TH, Chen SP*, Cheng IH*. Altered nociception in Alzheimer disease is associated with striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling. Pain 2021 Jun 1;162(6):1669-1680. (*Equal contribution)
6. Hsiao FJ, Chen WT, Liu HY, Wang YF, Chen SP, Lai KL, Coppola G, Wang SJ. Migraine chronification is associated with beta-band connectivity within the pain network. Pain 2021 Oct 1;162(10):2590-2598.
7. Ling YH, Wang YF, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Chen SP*. Post-reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome headache. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2021; 22(1): 1-8
8. Lin PT, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Ling YH, Chen SP*, Wang SJ*. Diagnosis and Classification of Headache Associated with Sexual Activity Using a Composite Algorithm: a cohort study. Cephalalgia 2021 Dec;41(14):1447-1457 (*Equal contribution)
9. Tsao YC, Wang SJ, Hsu CL, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Chen SP*, Fann CSJ*. Genome-wide association study reveals susceptibility loci for self-reported headache in a large community-based Asian population in submission. Cephalalgia 2022 in press
10. Wang YF, Yu CC, Kuan AS, Chen SP, Wang SJ. Association between suicidal risks and medication-overuse headache in chronic migraine: a cross-sectional study. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2021 May 10;22(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s10194-021-01248-0.
11. Liu TT, Morais A, Takizawa T, Mulder I, Simon B, Chen SP, Wang SJ, Ayata C*, Yen JC*. Efficacy of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation on cortical spreading depression susceptibility and the tissue response in a rat model. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2022 in press
12. Yen HH, Chien C, Lee IH, Chen SP, Luo CB, Lin CJ, Chen ST, Yuan WH, Kuo Y, Wu CH*, Chang FC*. Application of flat-panel volume computed tomography to evaluate cerebral hemorrhage after mechanical thrombectomy of acute embolic stroke of the anterior circulation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2021 Nov-Dec 01;45(6):919-925.
13. Liu YH, Guo YC, Lin LY, Tsai CP, Fuh JL, Wang YF, Chen SP, Wu HM, Yu KW, Lin KP, Wang SJ, Liao YC*, Lee YC*. Treatment response, risk of relapse, and clinical characteristics of Taiwanese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2021 Nov 18;S0929-6646(21)00499-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.11.002.
14. Wang YF, Liao YC, Tzeng YS, Chen SP, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, Chen WT, Lai KL, Lee YC*, Wang SJ*. Mutation screening and association analysis of NOTCH3 p.R544C in patients with migraine with or without aura. Cephalalgia 2022 in press
15. Tai CS, Wu SL, Lin SY, Liang Y, Wang SJ, Chen SP*. The causal-effect of bed rest and post-dural puncture headache in patients receiving diagnostic lumbar puncture- A prospective cohort study. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 2021 Aug 1;84(8):791-794.
16. Liu HY, Chou KH, Lee PL, Wang YF, Chen SP, Lai KL, Lin CP, Wang SJ, Chen WT. The right anterior insula is associated with pain generalization in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain 2021 Jul 13. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002409.
17. Pan LLH, Chen WT, Wang YF, Chen SP, Lai KL, Liu HY, Hsiao FJ, Wang SJ. Resting-state Occipital Alpha Power is associated with Treatment Outcome in Patients with Chronic Migraine. Pain 2022 in press
18. Hsiao FJ, Chen WT, Pan H. LL, Liu HY, Wang YF, Chen SP, Lai KL, Coppola G., Wang SJ. Dynamic brainstem and somatosensory cortical excitability during migraine cycles. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2022 in press
19. Ling YH, Chen SP*. Narrative Review: Headaches after Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2020;24 (12), 1-4
20. Hsiao FJ, Chen WT, Ko YC, Liu HY, Wang YF, Chen SP, Lai KL, Lin HY, Coppola G, Wang SJ. Neuromagnetic amygdala response to pain-related fear as a brain signature of fibromyalgia. Pain Ther. 2020 Oct 22. doi: 10.1007/s40122-020-00206-z
21. Hsiao FJ, Chen WT, Liu HY, Wang YF, Chen SP, Lai KL, Pan LL, Wang SJ. Individual pain sensitivity is associated with resting-state cortical activities in healthy individuals but not in patients with migraine: a magnetoencephalography study. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2020; 21:133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01200-8
22. Cho SH^¶, Ling YH^¶, Lee MJ^¶, Chen SP^¶, Fuh L, Lirng JF, Cha JH, Wang YF, Wang SJ*, Chung CS*. Temporal profile of blood-brain barrier breakdown in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Stroke 2020 May;51(5):1451-1457. (^¶Equal contribution)
23. Hsu WH, Wang SJ, Chao YM, Chen CJ, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Chen SP*, Lin YL. Urine metabolomics signatures in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Cephalalgia 2020 Jun; 40(7):735-747.
24. Huang C^¶, Chen SP^¶, Huang YH, Chen HY, Wang YF, Lee MH*, Wang SJ.* HLA class I alleles are associated with chronic migraine and medication overuse in migraineurs. Cephalalgia 2020 April. 40(5) 493–502. (^¶Equal contribution)
25. Liu JH, Wang TW, Lin YY, Ho WC, Tsai HC, Chen SP, Lin AM, Liu TY, Wang HT. Acrolein is involved in ischemic stroke-induced neurotoxicity through spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase activation. Experimental Neurology 2020 Jan;323:113066.
26. Sprouse Blum AS, Lavoie B, Haag M, Mawe SM, Tolner EA, van den Maagdenberg AM., Chen SP, Eikermann-Haerter K, Ptáček L., Mawe GM, Shapiro RA. No gastrointestinal dysmotility in transgenic mouse models of migraine. Headache 2020 Feb;60 (2): 396-404
27. Morais A, Liu TT, Qin T, Sadhegian H, Ay I, Yagmur D, Mendes da Silva R, Chung D, Simon B, Guedes R, Chen SP, Wang SJ, Yen JC*, Ayata C*. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cortical spreading depression exclusively via central mechanisms. Pain 2020 Jul;161 (7):1661-1669
28. Liu HY, Lee PL, Chou KH, Lai KL, Wang YF, Chen SP, Chen WT*, Wang SJ*. The cerebellum is associated with 2-year prognosis in patients with high-frequency migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2020 Mar 18;21(1):29.
29. Peng KP*, Chen SP, Gudmundsson LS. Headache highlights 2019: Junior editors’ choice. Cephalalgia Reports 2020: 3, 2515816320903292
30. Wu JW, Wang YF, Hseu SS, Chen ST, Chen YL, Wu YT, Chen SP, Lirng JF, Wang SJ*. Brain volume changes in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: revisiting the Monro-Kellie Doctrine. Cephalalgia 2020 in press
31. Pan YJ, Chen YC, Lu SR, Juang KD, Chen SP, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Wang SJ*. The influence of friendship on migraine in young adolescents: a social network analysis. Cephalalgia 2020 Jul 7:333102420940700. doi: 10.1177/0333102420940700.
32. Pan LL, Wang YF, Lai KL, Chen WT, Chen SP, Ling YH, Chou LW, Treede RD, Wang SJ*. Mechanical punctate pain threshold is associated with headache frequency and phase in patients with migraine. Cephalalgia 2020 Aug;40(9):990-997
33. Huang WC, Chen SP, Wang SJ*. Are surgically remediable headaches associated with cervical spondylosis equivalent to “cervicogenic headaches”? Neurospine 2020 Jun;17(2):374-376
34. Harriott AM, Takizawa T, Chung DY, Chen SP*. Spreading Depression as a Preclinical Model of Migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2019 May 2;20(1):45.
35. Yalcin N^¶, Chen SP^¶, Yu ES, Liu TT, Yen JC, Atalay YB, Qin T, Celik F, van den Maagdenberg AM, Moskowitz MA, Ayata C, Eikermann-Haerter K*. Caffeine does not affect susceptibility to cortical spreading depolarization in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019 Apr;39(4):740-750. (^¶Equal contribution)
36. Shih YC, Chen SP*, Fuh JL, Wang YF, Wang SJ. Influence of climate on the incidence of RCVS – a retrospective study from Taiwan. Headache 2019; 59(4): 567-575.
37. Kuan AS, Chen SP, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Cheng CY, Peng KP, Wang SJ. Risk factors and psychological impact of syncope in migraine patients. Cephalalgia 2019 Dec;39(14):1838-1846.
38. Ling YH, Chen SP, Fann CS, Wang SJ, Wang YF*. TRPM8 genetic variant is associated with chronic migraine and allodynia. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2019;20(1):115
39. Chen SP*, Chou KH, Fuh JL, Huang YH, Huang CC, Lirng JF, Wang YF, Lin CP, Wang SJ.* Dynamic Changes in White Matter Hyperintensities in Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome. JAMA Neurology 2018;75(9):1106-1113. (*Equal contribution)
40. Chen CY, Chen SP*, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Chang FC, Wang YF, Wang SJ. Vascular Wall Imaging in Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome - A 3-T Contrast-enhanced MRI study. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2018; 19: 74.
41. Wu JW, Wang YF, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Chen SP, Hseu SS, Wang SJ. Correlations among brain and spinal MRI findings in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Cephalalgia 2018: 38(14): 1998-2005.
42. Cheng CY, Cheng HM, Chen SP, Chung CP, Lin YY, Hu HH, Chen CH, Wang SJ*. White matter hyperintensities in migraine: Clinical significance and central pulsatile hemodynamic correlates. Cephalalgia 2018; 38(7):1225-1236
43. Tsou HH, Hsu WC, Fuh JL, Chen SP, Liu TY, Wang HT. Alterations in acrolein metabolism contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2018;61(2):571-580
44. Cheng CY, Chen SP, Liao YC, Fuh JL, Wang YF, Wang SJ. Elevated circulating endothelial-specific microRNAs in migraine patients: A pilot study. Cephalalgia 2018;38(9):1585-1591
45. Chang YH, Luo CB, Wang SJ, Chen SP*. Cluster headache and middle meningeal artery dural arteriovenous fistulas: A case report. Cephalalgia 2018; 38(11): 1792–1796
46. Chou TM, Chen SP*. Animal Models of Chronic Migraine. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2018: 19;22(6):44.
47. Chen SP, Qin T, Seidel JL, Zheng Y, Eikermann M, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AM., Moskowitz MA, Ayata C, Eikermann-Haerter K. Inhibition of the P2X7-Panx1 complex suppresses spreading depolarization and neuroinflammation. Brain 2017; 140:1643-1656
48. Lai KL, Niddam DM, Fuh JL, Chen SP, Wang YF, Chen WT, Wu JC, Wang SJ.* Flunarizine versus topiramate for chronic migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017; 135:476-483.
49. Oka F, Hoffmann U, Lee JH, Shin HK, Chung D, Yuzawa I, Chen SP, Atalay YB, Nozari A, Park K, Qin T, Ayata C.* Requisite ischemia for spreading depolarizations after subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1829-1840
50. Wu JW, Hseu SS, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Wang YF, Chen WT, Chen SP, Wang SJ*. Factors predicting response to the first epidural blood patch in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Brain 2017;140:344-52.
51. Chen SP^¶, Fuh JL^¶, Chung MY^¶, Lin YC, Liao YC, Wang YF, Hsu CL, Yang YC, Lin MW, Chiou JJ, Wang PJ, Chen PK, Fan PC, Wu JY, Chen YT, Kao LS*, Fann CS*, Wang SJ*. Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for migraine in Han Chinese resided in Taiwan. Cephalalgia 2018; 38: 466-75 (^¶Equal contribution)
52. Pan YR, Juang KD, Lu SR, Chen SP, Wang YF, Fuh JL*, Wang SJ*. Longitudinal risk factors for suicidal thoughts in depressed and non-depressed young adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017; 51(9):930-937.
53. Chen YC, Wang YF, Li JY, Chen SP, Lirng JF, Hseu SS, Tung H, Cheng PL, Wang SJ,* Fuh JL.* Treatment and prognosis of subdural hematoma in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 225-31
54. Chen SP,* Ay I, Lopes de Morais A, Qin T, Zheng Y, Sadeghian H, Oka F, Simon B, Eikermann-Haerter K, Ayata C. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cortical spreading depression. Pain 2016; 157: 797-805
55. Chen SP, Tolner EA,* Eikermann-Haerter K.* Animal models of monogenic migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 704-21
56. Chen PR, Lai KL, Fuh JL, Chen SP, Wang PN, Liao KK, Wang SJ.* Efficacy of continuous theta burst stimulation of the primary motor cortex in reducing migraine frequency: a preliminary open-label study. J Chin Med Assoc. 2016; 79:304-8
57. Chen SP, Ayata C.* Spreading Depression in Primary and Secondary Headache Disorders. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2016; 20(7):44. doi: 10.1007/s11916-016-0574-8.
58. Lee WJ, Wu SL, Li JY, Chen CC, Ling JJ, Peng GS, Lin TK, Wang SJ, Chen RS, Yang YH, Tsai CH, Hsu JL, Liao YC, Chen SP, Fuh JL.* PDD-5S: A Useful Screening Tool for Parkinson’s Disease Dementia. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2016; 25: 85-90.
59. Fuh JL, Chung MY, Yao SC, Chen PK, Liao YC, Hsu CL, Wang PJ, Wang YF, Chen SP, Fann CS, Kao LS, Wang SJ.* Susceptible Genes of Restless Legs Syndrome in Migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 1028-1037
60. Akhter M,* Chen SP. Vascular Emergencies and Shared Decision Making in Patients with Thunderclap Headache. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2016; 23:1194-1195
61. Chen PR, Chen SP.* Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy as the First Manifestation of Bickerstaff's Brainstem Encephalitis. BMC Neurology 2016; 16: 215
62. Wu HY, Hseu SS, Chen SP, Lirng JF, Wang YF, Wang SJ, Fuh JL. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension complicated by malignancy-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: A case report. Acta Neurologica Taiwanica 2016;25:95-98.
63. Chen SP, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Wang YF, Wang SJ.* Recurrence of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome: a Long-Term Follow-up Study. Neurology 2015; 84: 1-7
64. Wang YF, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Chen SP, Hseu SS, Wu JC, Wang SJ.* Cerebrospinal fluid leakage and headache after lumbar puncture: a prospective non-invasive imaging study. Brain 2015; 138(Pt 6):1492-8

Review Articles (*corresponding author)

1. Chen SP, Eikermann-Haerter K.* How imaging can help us better understand the migraine-stroke connection. Headache 2020 Jan;60(1):217-228.
2. Harriott AM, Takizawa T, Chung DY, Chen SP*. Spreading Depression as a Model of Migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2019;20(1):45.
3. Tolner E. *, Chen SP, Eikermann-Haerter K. Current understanding of cortical structure and function in migraine. Cephalalgia 2019 Nov;39(13):1683-1699.
4. Chou TM, Chen SP*. Animal Models of Chronic Migraine. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2018: 19;22(6):44.
5. Chen SP, Ayata C.* Novel Therapeutic Targets against Spreading Depression. Headache 2017;57:1340-1358.
6. Chen SP, Ayata C.* Spreading Depression in Primary and Secondary Headache Disorders. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2016; 20(7):44.
7. Chen SP, Tolner EA,* Eikermann-Haerter K.* Animal models of monogenic migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 704-21
8. Chen SP, Fuh JL, Wang SJ.* Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes: Current and future perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:1265-76.
9. Chen SP, Fuh JL, Wang SJ.* Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes- an under-recognised clinical emergency. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2010; 3: 161-71.
    

Textbook Chapters (*corresponding author)

1. Takizawa T, Ayata C, Chen SP*. Therapeutic implications of cortical spreading depression models in migraine in Progress in Brain Research. Edited by Lau and Shuu-Jiun Wang. 2020 Elsevier B.V.
2. Chen SP, Theriot J, Brennan KC, Ayata C*. Chapter 19. Animal model of migraine aura. Neurobiologic Basis of Migraine. 1^st ed. Edited by Turgay Dalkara and Michael A. Moskowitz. JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 2017
3. Chen SP, Wang SJ*. Chapter 18. Headaches due to vascular disorders. Modern Day Management of Headache- Questions and Answers. Edited by K Ravishankar, Randolph W Evans and Shuu-Jiun Wang. Jaypee- The Health Science Publishers, 2017
4. Chen SP, Pascual J, Wang SJ*. Chapter 25: Exertional and Sex Headache– In Michel Ferrari, Joost Haan, Andrew Charles, David Dodick, and Fumihiko Sakai (eds.), Oxford Textbook of Headache Syndromes (Oxford Textbooks in Clinical Neurology), Oxford Press, 2016
5. Chen SP, Wang SJ*. Chapter 15. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. International Neurology. 2^nd edition; DOI: 10.1002/9781118777329.ch15. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016